Evaluation of urban wetland landscapes based on a comprehensive model — a comparative study of three urban wetlands in Hangzhou, China

Abstract Urban wetlands constitute an integral part of urban ecosystems. Unsurprisingly, wetland landscapes affect the frequency with which residents visit areas. Objectively evaluating beauty and exploring factors that influence their perceived can inform landscape design. This study selects three located in core, fringe, suburban areas Hangzhou, respectively: Xixi wetland, Tongjian Lake Qingshan wetland. To explore impact ecological design techniques on scenic wetlands, selected were used to conduct field investigations. In addition, submitted public evaluations using estimation (SBE). At same time, affecting quantified semantic differential (SD) method, paths plant diversity analyzed through structural equation model (SEM). The results indicated richness, cultural expression, color harmony, coordination elements have both a significant positive wetlands. By way contrast, habitat had yet negative impact. Across found significantly improve beauty. demonstrated application well-thought-out methods was conducive integration environmental protection, aesthetics, sustainable utilization rapid urbanization process, providing reference for conservation, planning,